![]() "Waiting for regulatory sequences to appear." Ann. If we model this by saying that a 7 out of 8 letter match is good enough, the mean reduces to about 60,000 years. Fortunately, in biological reality, the match to the target word does not have to be perfect for binding to occur. In addition, these sequences can also be found at the three prime end (3') to the transcription start site. Regulatory sequences, which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. We suggest that although individuals within a population can be harmed by the deleterious effects of new TE insertions, the presence of TE sequences in a genome is of overall benefit to. A regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Here, we will show that for words of length 6, the average waiting time is 100,000 years, while for words of length 8, the waiting time has mean 375,000 years when there is a 7 out of 8 letter match in the population consensus sequence (an event of probability roughly 5/16) and has mean 650 million years when there is not. We review recent studies that demonstrate the role of TEs in establishing and rewiring gene regulatory networks and discuss the overall ubiquity of exaptation. Given what is known about transcription factor binding sites, this motivates the following probability question: given a 1000 nucleotide region in our genome, how long does it take for a specified six to nine letter word to appear in that region in some individual? Stone and Wray computed 5,950 years as the answer for six letter words. One possible explanation for the substantial organismal differences between humans and chimpanzees is that there have been changes in gene regulation.
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